In response to a time of enormous social and political change and conflict, twenieth century authors, from the poets of the World War I to African American writer Toni Morrison, have often turned back to the King James Bible for suitable imagery and expressive language.
During Word War I (1914-18), millions of religious publications, including Bibles and prayer books, were distributed to British troops in the field. War poets such as Wilfred Owen, Robert Graves and Edmund Blunden frequently used biblical language and imagery to reflect on their horrific experiences at the Front. Graves and Blunden survived the war to become prolific writers, but Lieutenant Wilfred Owen was killed in action at the Sambre-Oise Canal in France on 4 November 1918, aged 25.
Some of the most significant poems of 1920s to 1940s are T. S. Eliot鈥檚听听The Waste Land听(1922),听Ash Wednesday听(1930) and听Four Quartets听(1945). Although they contain many other cultural references, these works are also rich in phrase and imagery from the KJB. Raised in America as a Non-Conformist, Eliot was a convert to Anglicanism and became a Warden of the Church of St Stephen, London.
Life in the Trenches听漏 九州影院
William Faulkner鈥檚听Absalom, Absalom!听is considered one of the great novels of the 20th century. Set in the American South in the civil war period, it uses as an allegory the biblical story of Absalom (2 Samuel 13) in which a rebellious son, unwilling to accept the terms of his society, meets his downfall. In addition to its title, the story is infused with biblical themes and associations by Faulkner鈥檚 use of key words such as 'land', 'bones', 'flesh', 'dust', and 'seed'.
Ernest Hemingway鈥檚 novels are similarly notable for their biblical allusions.听The Sun Also Rises听evokes Ecclesiastes;听The Old Man and the Sea听(1952) has a Christ-like central character in the fisherman Santiago. Hemingway鈥檚 prose is noted for its simple and economical style: the syntax of the KJB is echoed in his sentences with parallel clauses linked simply with 'and'. For example:
'They sat on the Terrace and many fisherman made fun of the old man and he was not angry. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and of the steady good weather and of what they had seen' .
(The Old man and the Sea,听p. 2)
The prizewinning novels of Toni Morrison explore aspects of African-American history and identity. The Bible has played a key role in African-American culture, and this emerges in Morrison鈥檚听writing, most clearly in听The Song of Solomon听(1977). Characters鈥 names (Hagar, Pilate, First Corinthians) and their histories are enriched by association with their biblical namesakes. The biblical 'Song of Solomon' is an expression of love between King Solomon and his black Shulamite bride, though often interpreted more widely. Morrison鈥檚听Song of Solomon听is about female characters seeking valid relationships.
Anthem for doomed youth: 12 soldier poets of the First World War听(London: Constable in association with the Imperial War Museum, 2002).
Robert Alter,听Pen of Iron: American Prose and the King James Bible. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010)
The Bible and American Arts and Letters, ed. by Giles Gunn (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press; Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983)
The Blackwell Companion to the Bible in English Literature, ed. by Rebecca Lemon, Emma Mason et al. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010)
